1 for the world map of drylands). projecting the likely impacts on biodiversity and nature's . As reported by Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199911/12)9:6<517::AID-AQC383>3.0.CO;2-C, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102635, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Over generations, all of the species that are currently alive today have evolved unique traits that make them distinct from other species. As reported by Schlter, et al. In the long term, populations of Central Asian countries are likely to suffer from the severe consequences of land degradation, desertification and food security issues imposed by climate change if no immediate actions for adaptation and mitigation are taken. By Catrin Einhorn and Nadja PopovichMarch 3, 2022. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. All of the Earths species work together to survive and maintain their ecosystems. In areas with lots of biodiversity, insects and other creatures pollinate plants naturally. list the steps that are followed if a suspect's blood is found at a crime scene. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Creation of small local water bodies in the delta of Amudarya. Lisa Bunclark & Ivn Manuel De La Vega Hernndez, Stella Manes, Mariana M. Vale & Aliny P. F. Pires, Rajarshi DasGupta, Shizuka Hashimoto & Haripriya Gundimeda, Rachel E. Bitoun, Ewan Trgarot & Rodolphe Devillers, Jocelyn Baker, Diane Dupont & Liette Vasseur, Christian Albert, Mario Brillinger, Barbara Schrter, Environmental Management All of these threats have put a serious strain on the diversity of species on Earth. Agroforestry is mostly proposed to rehabilitate marginal and salt-affected irrigated lands. Also, considering the ever-ongoing shortage of water resources and degradation of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin, there is a question of sustainability and cost-efficiency of the results achieved for almost three decades now. Failure among afforestation efforts was more frequent compared to reforestation due to the fact that trees did not naturally occur in areas where they were planted. Also, topsoil quality was reported to have improved in saxaul plantations, which bonds sand particles together with the help of debris (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020). The far-reaching negative consequences of the Aral catastrophe include, but are not limited to: increased number of lung, kidney and thyroid diseases, infant mortality and morbidity, decreased life expectancy, frequent dust storms, loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, diminished ecosystems (i.e., riparian forests, wetlands, grasslands) and their services, massive job losses due to the collapse of the fishing and tourism industries (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), (Lioubimtseva & Henebry, 2009), (Schlter, et al., 2013). Afforestation of irrigated cropland in combination with agroforestry in the Aral Sea basin is recommended by a number of authors (Djalilov, Khamzina, Hornidge, & Lamers, 2016), (Dubovyk, Menz, & Khamzina, 2016), (Khamzina, Lamers, Worbes, Botman, & Vlek, 2006), (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021) as a means to reduce soil salinity on degraded agricultural lands, which could be another solution to reduce salinity and improve soil quality of abandoned croplands. The hard work of humansand natures resiliencecan help even the most endangered species climb back from the abyss. Prvlie R (2016) Drylands extent and environmental issues. But some genes within a species are different. Areas with high numbers of endemic species are called biodiversity hotspots. You have not even scratched the surface of the biodiversity within the pond. R Soc Open Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201847, Aladin NV, Chida T, Chuikov YS, Ermakhanov ZK, Kawabata Y, Kubota J, Zaitzev VF (2018) The history and future of the biological resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas. (2022a, April 15). This site is using cookies under cookie policy . However, it is notable that agroforestry in croplands has been erroneously proposed as an afforestation measure in some papers reviewed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.05.007. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Based on the information in the chart, which ecosystem most likely has the highest biodiversity? McGrath, Kimberley A., ed. The potential for rangelands to provide a basis for NbSgiven that they are one of the major potential carbon sinks in dryland areas such as the Aral Sea basinrequires detailed further research. Environ Sci Policy 41:7788. The recent study by the UN (ILRI, 2021) reveals that rangelands occupy 54% of the global terrestrial surface and cover about 57% of the territory of Uzbekistan (Toderich, et al., 2013a). Google Scholar, Aleksandrova M, Lamers JP, Martius C, Tischbein B (2014) Rural vulnerability to environmental change in the irrigated lowlands of Central Asia and options for policy-makers: A review. Examples of grassland restoration activities given as NbS options, i.e., prohibition of grazing in some areas of China (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), were reported to have compromised herders income opportunities. Pollution. Extinction is a natural part of life on Earth. Both the ecosystem and the human population of the region are under considerable pressure due to the consequences of the Aral Sea desiccation. Aral Sea surface area change from 1964 through 2018. If we do not stop the threats to biodiversity, we could be facing another mass extinction with dire consequences to the environment, and human health and livelihood. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. Australia is one of 17 megadiverse countries globally, with many plants, animals and ecosystems found nowhere . These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction. (A biological community is an interacting group of various species in a common location.) We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Genetic diversity even prevents diseases and helps species adjust to changes in their environment. A large area of a forest will likely have higher biodiversity than a smaller area of the same forest. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. Further, wetlands nested within larger dryland landscapes are reported to be among the ecosystems most effected by climate change (Parra, et al., 2021), (Williams, 1999), hence are in need of urgent conservation action. However, temperatures above warm will affect biodiversity as oxygen is less soluble in hot waters and some species do not survive in this condition. Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin were reported to have been impacted by anthropogenic activities that led to the degradation of vegetation in the riparian zone (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014). People are also working to limit pollution and restore coral reef ecosystems in the area. UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, First ed. Agrofor Syst 66:129141. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. However, authors (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) argue that afforestation activities can also fail both economically and environmentally as it was in the case of China and the planting of maladapted species, along with an absence of post-forestation monitoring to check on the survivability of trees. Medicines that treat some forms ofcancerhave been made from therosy periwinkle, a flower that grows on the African island of Madagascar. The water consumption associated with afforestation is another issue that needs to be further evaluated (Tew, Vanguelova, & Sutherland, 2021), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), as there is a high threat of depleting groundwater resources in dry areas through afforestation (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021), (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Extinction is a natural process; some species naturally die out while new speciesevolve. Current research is funded by Darwin Initiatives Resurrection Island: enterprise, conservation and development around the Aral Sea project (project number 28-003). IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, the long-term impact of drainage water, most importantly its quality, on the biodiversity of wetlands does not seem to have been thoroughly examined to tell whether the approach can be justified. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1311-40, Khamzina A, Lamers JP, Worbes M, Botman E, Vlek PL (2006) Assessing the potential of trees for afforestation of degraded landscapes in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan. As in the case above, the search results covered both English and Russian languages. It is one of many efforts to measure biodiversity in the United States and around the world. This means that millions of other organisms remain a complete mystery. TEXAS. speech and language skills? As drylands around the world are projected to become more vulnerable under increasing temperature changes, and Central Asia is expected to be a climate change hotspot in the coming years with increased average temperature and decreased precipitation (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), there is an acute need to mitigate and to adapt to the consequences of climate change by applying sustainable and resilient solutions for which NbS qualify. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. A global approach. The World Conservation Congress (p. 106). This is both for biodiversity conservation, and also ecosystem services, due to the dependence of the local human population on water resources and interconnectedness of the state of terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., rangelands/grasslands, afforested areas) with the availability of local water bodies and water resources as such. Alikhanova, S., Bull, J.W. So, its critical for officials to know where imperiled species exist. To distinguish NbS from other conservation actions, IUCN specifies seven societal challenges, at least one of which needs to be addressed. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently. Most people recognize biodiversity by speciesa group of individual living organisms that can interbreed. She or he will best know the preferred format. Drylands and land degradation. The review has not returned specific rangeland rehabilitation methods or success stories in the Aral Sea basin. Looking at samples of soil or water through a microscope reveals a whole world of bacteria and other tiny organisms. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of . Ecological biodiversity is the diversity of ecosystems, natural communities, and habitats. https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2021.1936865, Plieninger T, Muoz-Rojas J, Buck LE, Scherr SJ (2020) Agroforestry for sustainable landscape management. Information was sourced from two major scientific publication databasesScopus, and Web of Scienceto ensure the most comprehensive capture of articles possible. Springer Netherlands. J Arid Land 11:114. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10126, Nelson DR, Bledsoe BP, Ferreira S, Nibbelink NP (2020) Challenges to realizing the potential of nature-based solutions. More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. Rangelands in the Aral Sea basin represent not just significant economic and environmental value to local stakeholders, but also cultural values (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). This single pixel includes seven species, such as the Escambia map turtle, narrow pigtoe mussel and round ebonyshell mussel. Even when species are protected under federal or state laws, they are typically more vulnerable outside of lands that are managed to protect biodiversity, Dr. Hamilton said. Jamba 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.400, Bonn A, Allott T, Evans M, Joosten H, Stoneman R (2016) Peatland restoration and ecosystem services: Nature-based solutions for societal goals. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. All rights reserved. MacKinnon K, Dudley N, Sandwith T (2011) Natural solutions: protected areas helping people to cope with climate change. Cattle then produce manure that returns nutrients to the soil, which helps to grow more grass. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3642, Kumar N, Khamzina A, Knfel P, Lamers JP, Tischbein B (2021) Afforestation of degraded croplands as a watersaving option in irrigated region of the aral sea basin. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by SA. Afforestation measures are discussed as a cost-effective nature-based solution for combatting desertification, adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts through increased carbon sequestration potential (Seddon, et al., 2020) and halting biodiversity loss, as well as improving livelihood opportunities of the local communities (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Djoudi, Brockhaus, & Locatelli, 2013). But human activity has changed the natural processes of extinction and evolution. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. Our future depends on it. (Schlter, et al., 2013), some of the wetlands in the Aral Sea region are being maintained using drainage water. This single pixel includes seven species, such as Cockerell's bumble bee, White Mountain false pennyroyal and Sacramento Mountains thistle. Animals and plants are the most familiar types of endangered species, but afungus, such as thewhite ferula mushroom(Pleurotus nebrodensis) can also be threatened. Globalclimate changethe latest rise in the averagetemperaturearound the globe, linked to human activityis also a factor. For instance, some diseases kill only one kind of tree. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.015, Bakirov NJ, Khamzaev AK, Novitskiy, ZB (2020) FOREST PLANTATIONS ON THE DRAINED BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA. Protected areas, as a means of environmental restoration on a wider landscape scale by encompassing multiple ecosystem types, seem to have more of a quantity rather than a quality approach in Uzbekistan. Biomes are characterized by their climate, which determines the particular plants found there. Take the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, healthier place. Animals like the black-footed ferret and California condor are represented, but so are groups often left out of such analyses: species of bees, butterflies, fish, mussels, crayfish and flowering plants. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST.
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